Project background

Coastal cities are increasingly vulnerable to climate-related hazards such as sea-level rise, storm surges, and extreme precipitation events. These risks are amplified by urbanisation and socio-economic inequalities, particularly in the Global South. Yet, current flood risk assessments often lack the spatial resolution, data integration, and uncertainty quantification needed to support effective climate adaptation planning.

This project responds to a key challenge identified by ESA’s Climate Change Initiative: the need for robust, transferable methodologies to assess and monitor climate impacts and responses at the city scale. It aims to provide input into the upcoming IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Cities (due 2027), which calls for improved urban-scale climate science, including the use of Earth Observation (EO) data to understand hazards, risks, and adaptation options (IPCC outline).

Scientifically, the project addresses gaps in combining EO-derived climate data —especially Essential Climate Variables generated via the ESA Climate Change Initiative (CCI) — with hydrodynamic models to forecast coastal water levels and assess urban flood risks. It seeks to advance the state-of-the-art by:

• Quantifying uncertainties in EO-hydrodynamic modelling,
• Validating methods across diverse urban contexts (e.g., Hamburg and Beira),
• Exploring transferability to cities in the Global South.

Policy-wise, the project aligns with the Paris Agreement and the European Green Deal, supporting climate resilience through improved data-driven decision-making. It also contributes to the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) goals for urban climate monitoring (GCOS Implementation Plan).

The open-source methods will be co-developed and validated with stakeholders, ensuring that outputs are relevant, usable, and adopted by local authorities, planners, and climate service providers. This open approach aims to enhance the societal impact and operational potential of the research.

By demonstrating the added value of EO data and open science workflows, the project aims to lay the groundwork for future operational climate services tailored to urban needs.

Aims and Objectives

The project aims to develop and demonstrate a globally transferable methodology that combines Earth Observation (EO) data with hydrodynamic modelling to improve flood risk assessments in coastal urban areas. By leveraging data records generated via ESA’s Climate Change Initiative (CCI) for GCOS-defined Essential Climate Variables (ECVs), the project seeks to enhance the accuracy and usability of coastal water level forecasts and flood impact assessments under current and future climate conditions.

The overarching goal is to support climate adaptation and resilience planning in cities, particularly in the context of increasing risks from sea-level rise, storm surges, and extreme weather events. The project contributes to ESA’s Climate Change Initiative and aims to inform the scientific priorities of the upcoming IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Cities.

Specific objectives include:

1. Developing and validating a methodology to combine EO data and hydrodynamic modelling

• Combine satellite altimetry data with high-resolution hydrodynamic models
• Improve uncertainty quantification and validation techniques.

2. Apply and test the methodology in diverse case study cities

• Detailed validation of the approach will be performed for Hamburg (Germany) and Beira (Mozambique) representing different geographic, socio-economic, and climatic contexts.
• The global transferability of the approach to other urban areas, including cities in the Global South, will be tested.

3. Identify and address key scientific and policy knowledge gaps

• Advance the state-of-the-art and use of EO data in urban flood risk modelling.
• Support the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) urban monitoring goals and contribute to the IPCC Special Report on Cities.

4. Co-develop the methodology with stakeholders

• Engage local stakeholders during the project.
• Ensure that outputs are relevant, usable, and aligned with real-world decision-making needs.

5. Promote open science and future operational uptake

• Publish algorithms, workflows, and data products in open-access platforms.
• Provide a scientific roadmap for scaling the methodology into operational climate services.

Through these objectives, the project aims to demonstrate the added value of EO in urban climate risk assessment and contribute timely, policy-relevant research to the international climate science and adaptation community.

The project aims to leverage Earth Observation data to enhance simulations of urban climate conditions — particularly extreme heat and flooding — in Africa’s rapidly expanding cities. This will address an information gap and generate valuable knowledge and datasets, supporting efforts to better understand and manage urban climate risks in African cities and provide essential scientific evidence to inform global assessments, including the forthcoming IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Cities.

Project plan

The project is structured around five interlinked work packages (WPs), each addressing a specific phase of the project lifecycle: from scientific scoping to stakeholder engagement, technical development, validation, and dissemination.

WP1, led by Deltares, focuses on reviewing the state-of-the-art, identifying knowledge gaps, and gathering user needs through literature analysis and stakeholder workshops with stakeholders in Hamburg and Beira. This ensures that the methodology is grounded in both scientific evidence and real-world requirements.

WP2, led by TUM, develops the core scientific methodology. This includes detecting sea level and sea state extremes from Earth Observation (EO) data, using these with hydrodynamic models, and referencing outputs to a common vertical datum. The work is supported by TU Delft (vertical referencing) and NERSC (validation and clustering of EO data).

WP3, led by Deltares, implements and validates the methodology through simulations in case study cities. It focuses on leveraging EO-derived sea level data, validating model outputs against in situ observations, and quantifying uncertainties using statistical techniques.

WP4, led by NERSC, syntheses the scientific findings into a roadmap for future research and operationalisation. It also ensures that all code and data products are archived in open-access repositories to support transparency and reuse.

WP5, also led by Deltares, manages the project, coordinates communication, and oversees outreach. This includes maintaining the project website, producing promotional materials, and engaging with the broader scientific and policy communities.